Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping education by enabling real-time feedback in language learning. This study investigates how the representation format of AI pronunciation feedback and learners’ cognitive orientations jointly influence pronunciation improvement. Drawing on Cognitive Fit Theory, we theorize that performance improves when instructional representations align with learners’ cognitive processes. We distinguish between symbolic feedback, which provides phoneme-level textual and auditory cues, and demonstrative feedback, which offers perceptually rich visualizations of the articulatory movements. We further distinguish between assimilative and accommodative orientations, which reflect learners’ tendencies to integrate or restructure linguistic schemas.

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