Abstract

Recent frameworks of cognitive engagement emphasize the integration of objective physiological measures to deepen our understanding of this complex and dynamic construct, which has traditionally been assessed through self-report methods. Eye tracking provides two complementary types of data, gaze-based and pupil-based, that together can offer richer insights into users’ engagement with digital systems. While gaze-based metrics have been used in Information Systems (IS) research to assess user engagement, pupil-based measures remain relatively underexplored. Because both gaze and pupil data capture critical aspects of information processing behavior, this study examines whether their combined use can enhance the assessment of cognitive engagement. The findings indicate that both gaze and pupil metrics can reveal subtle differences in cognitive engagement, suggesting that their integration is likely to improve the sensitivity of engagement assessment based on eye movement data.

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