Abstract
Technological development is recognized as a key factor in long-term economic growth, and R&D activity is a key driver of this process. In the context of the ongoing digital transformation, it is necessary to understand the links between R&D spending, the level of digitization and the level of GDP per capita in an integrated manner. While existing studies examine these variables separately using classical statistical methods, they fail to capture the indirect and uncertain relationships between them. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a model of the relationship between R&D expenditures, DESI level and GDP per capita using fuzzy logic. The practical application of the method is presented on the example of the EU-27 countries. The results prove the usefulness of the method for analyzing real causal relationships. The model based on fuzzy logic made it possible to identify differences between countries that could go unnoticed using traditional classification methods.
Paper Type
Short Paper
DOI
10.62036/ISD.2025.118
The Interplay of R&D, Digitalisation, and GDP: Insights from Fuzzy Logic Analysis
Technological development is recognized as a key factor in long-term economic growth, and R&D activity is a key driver of this process. In the context of the ongoing digital transformation, it is necessary to understand the links between R&D spending, the level of digitization and the level of GDP per capita in an integrated manner. While existing studies examine these variables separately using classical statistical methods, they fail to capture the indirect and uncertain relationships between them. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a model of the relationship between R&D expenditures, DESI level and GDP per capita using fuzzy logic. The practical application of the method is presented on the example of the EU-27 countries. The results prove the usefulness of the method for analyzing real causal relationships. The model based on fuzzy logic made it possible to identify differences between countries that could go unnoticed using traditional classification methods.
Recommended Citation
Ociepa-Kicinska, E., Skica, T. & Mroczek, T. (2025). The Interplay of R&D, Digitalisation, and GDP: Insights from Fuzzy Logic AnalysisIn I. Luković, S. Bjeladinović, B. Delibašić, D. Barać, N. Iivari, E. Insfran, M. Lang, H. Linger, & C. Schneider (Eds.), Empowering the Interdisciplinary Role of ISD in Addressing Contemporary Issues in Digital Transformation: How Data Science and Generative AI Contributes to ISD (ISD2025 Proceedings). Belgrade, Serbia: University of Gdańsk, Department of Business Informatics & University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences. ISBN: 978-83-972632-1-5. https://doi.org/10.62036/ISD.2025.118