Abstract

Conversational Agents (CAs) are systems that use natural language to interact with users. These interactions do not always proceed smoothly, which negatively impacts continued usage. Games provide both entertainment and function as a bonding activity, creating intrinsic motivation. Accordingly, CAs and users connecting in a game context could solve awkward interactions. In this paper, we conduct a systematic literature review, differentiating game-based CA applications in different areas. Our research found that gameful CA applications are most commonly found in education, use gamified features or appear as ingame characters, and are designed for children or general audiences. The paper supplies promising implications for CA design and presents a research agenda, including directions for further studies on a common theoretical framework, CA behavior, interaction design, and other target audiences.

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