Abstract

Interoperable financial technologies (i-FinTech) present transformative solutions to supply-side barriers in rural financial inclusion. This study examines how i-FinTech adoption reduces digital exclusion and influences formal financial institutions by reshaping lending behaviour, operational strategies, and policy frameworks to improve credit access for smallholder farmers). Using the Punjab Government’s e-Credit initiative as a case study, the research explores the role of mobile wallets, APIs, and digital collateralization in fostering seamless connections between FIs, public institutions, technology and mobile network providers. Employing a qualitative methodology, including semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis of policy documents, the paper provides insights into supply-side barriers and practical evidence of institutional change. Findings highlight i-FinTech’s potential to reduce digital divides, and address Financial Institution hesitations to engage with smallholder farmers. This paper offers actionable insights for policymakers and practitioners, demonstrating how i-FinTech can drive rural financial inclusion by aligning institutional strategies with digital innovation

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