Abstract

Digitalisation has transformed economies and societies, yet the gender digital divide (GDD) remains a structural barrier to equality. This study conducts a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis of 189 articles (Scopus and Web of Science), critically interpreted through the Capability Approach, to examine the root causes of, and solutions to, the GDD within the applied social sciences. By integrating Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach with critical Science and Technology Studies (STS), we complement existing resource- and capital-based models of digital inclusion. The findings reveal that gender norms and technological design act as negative conversion factors. Reading the six thematic clusters against the stages of the capability chain, we also find that the configuration of these factors differs between low- and middle-income and high-income contexts. Consequently, we propose conceptualising the GDD as a Framework of Digital Capability Constraints rather than a deficit of resources. Theoretically, this shifts the focus from bridging access gaps to reconfiguring gender-structured socio-technical architectures. Practically, the study identifies systemic, multi-stakeholder interventions, including gender-impact assessment in public procurement, socio-technical strategies to address digital time poverty, and participatory technology design approaches that centre women’s needs. Ultimately, this work provides a justice-oriented framework to foster gender-equitable digital transformation.

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