Abstract

This paper analyzes the nature of e-commerce policy actions in three European countries. Compiling the European Union and national policy instruments into four groups (regulation and legislation, knowledge diffusion, economic incentives, and e-government), France is viewed as a front-runner with early Minitel applications but losing steam during the e-commerce rush. Germany is the European e-commerce powerhouse with a late entry as an adopter. Denmark is an example of the early adopting Nordic countries. The palette of European e-policy topics includes industry networks, efficiency of existing business operations, and digital integration among companies, citizens, government, and peer-to-peer use following a demand-driven roadmap to e-commerce diffusion.

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