Abstract

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have become the preferred medium for distance learning services (Zerkouk, Mihoubi, Chikhaoui, & Wang, 2025), significantly reducing both temporal and spatial constraints, including geographical disparities. Currently, online learning is increasingly becoming a viable option for many instructors and universities to meet the evolving needs of students. However, while online learning has grown, low student retention rates have emerged as a prominent issue, with only about 15% of Open University students completing their degrees (Mishra, 2017). Furthermore, dropout rates for Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) can be as high as 90% (Li, Zhao, Yan, Zou, Xiao, & Qian, 2023). Retention remains a universal challenge, and widespread dropout rates threaten the future development of online learning. Recent efforts have aimed at understanding the factors influencing online dropout rates in higher education. Nonetheless, existing studies do not provide a comprehensive view of these factors. Despite numerous proposed factors, there is no consensus on the most relevant ones. This lack of agreement arises from several challenges, including the difficulty of comparing different studies, the challenge of assessing the effects of these factors over time, issues with validating measurement instruments, and the absence of standardization and accumulation of knowledge in this research area. It is also important to note that no single factor can fully explain the high dropout rate; additionally, what may be considered a positive factor in one context could also be inadequate in another. Consequently, there is a gap in our understanding of how various elements interact to explain dynamics within a constantly evolving digital learning environment that contributes to student dropout. This research can generate new and interesting insights and extend our current understanding of online learning sustainability by filling that gap. This study aims to empower key stakeholders to embrace and leverage online learning by uncovering the factors driving the intention to continue using this emerging approach. Understanding these dynamics is vital, as they play a pivotal role in shaping the long-term success of online learning. Gaining this insight is not just beneficial; it is essential for fostering a thriving learning environment.

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