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Information Technology for Development

Author ORCID Identifier

Ruguo Fan: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2806-828X

Yang Qi: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7679-6187

Yitong Wang: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7535-3377

Rongkai Chen: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1486-1322

Abstract

Digital innovation drives sustainable development, yet its potential to reduce spatial inequalities depends on how cities connect within innovation networks. Whilst intercity collaboration is crucial, cities vary dramatically in their network integration. Existing research examines digital innovation and knowledge networks separately, leaving the role of knowledge network embeddedness in shaping intercity collaboration theoretically underdeveloped. This study investigates the formation mechanisms and evolutionary dynamics of intercity digital innovation networks in China using a multilayer network framework. Drawing on 126,529 co-invented patents from 2008–2023, we employ the temporal exponential random graph model to analyse network formation. Results reveal that beyond endogenous network effects and socioeconomic attributes, cities’ knowledge network embeddedness influences collaboration patterns. Temporal analysis demonstrates evolution from sparse, hierarchical structures dominated by eastern coastal cities toward denser, polycentric configurations with inland penetration. Industry-specific analysis reveals sectoral heterogeneity. These findings establish knowledge structure as a key determinant of network formation.

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