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Information Technology for Development

Author ORCID Identifier

Xitong Li: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3702-8987

Peiming He: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8755-9995

Xuelu Xu: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2095-1914

Qinyang Yao: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7130-6218

Qingting Tang: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1803-8275

Litai Chen: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7802-537X

Abstract

The impact of ICT infrastructure on urban-rural educational inequality has become an increasingly salient issue in development research. While ICT is widely viewed as a tool for reducing such disparities, debate persists over whether it bridges or reinforces the urban-rural divide. Grounded in the “Access Divide—Usage Divide—Outcome Divide” framework of the digital divide, this study explores the relationship between ICT infrastructure and urban-rural educational inequality within the ICT for Development (ICT4D) paradigm. Using China’s “Broadband China” policy as a quasi-natural experiment, it applies an Intensity Difference-in-Differences model to address endogeneity concerns. Results show that ICT infrastructure significantly reduces inequality, with effects amplified by the availability of teaching computers and students’ Internet learning. The impact also varies depending on the level of traditional infrastructure and educational stage. This study contributes to ICT4D by offering empirical evidence on how ICT infrastructure shapes educational equity and highlighting the importance of heterogeneity analysis for policy design.

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