Paper Number
ECIS2026-1702
Paper Type
CRP
Abstract
Loot boxes (LBs) have become one of the most pervasive, controversial monetization mechanisms in digital games. Their randomized rewards, psychological pull factors, and features that resemble gambling have triggered concern among regulators, industry, and researchers. This scoping review (SR) maps the fragmented state of loot box engagement (LBE) research. A structured search identified 50 studies after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria and conducting a quality assessment. We draw upon the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) model to organize and relate 292 factors that influence loot-box engagement. On the stimulus side, variable-ratio rewards, artificial scarcity, and monetization incentives drive engagement. On the organism level, impulsivity, sensation-seeking, and fear of missing out (FOMO) predict higher LB spending. On the response level, LBE is associated with financial harm, problematic gaming, and elevated problem gambling severity. Our review consolidates evidence, highlights blind spots, especially the lack of longitudinal and experimental work, and outlines implications for responsible monetization and consumer protection.
Recommended Citation
Heinrich, Kai; Kalantarhormozi, Mehrafrooz; Mitriushkin, Oleg; and Kühn, Stefanie, "Winning For Sale: A Scoping Review Of Pay-To-Win Mechanics and Player Engagement" (2026). ECIS 2026 Proceedings. 3.
https://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2026/esports/esports/3
Winning For Sale: A Scoping Review Of Pay-To-Win Mechanics and Player Engagement
Loot boxes (LBs) have become one of the most pervasive, controversial monetization mechanisms in digital games. Their randomized rewards, psychological pull factors, and features that resemble gambling have triggered concern among regulators, industry, and researchers. This scoping review (SR) maps the fragmented state of loot box engagement (LBE) research. A structured search identified 50 studies after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria and conducting a quality assessment. We draw upon the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) model to organize and relate 292 factors that influence loot-box engagement. On the stimulus side, variable-ratio rewards, artificial scarcity, and monetization incentives drive engagement. On the organism level, impulsivity, sensation-seeking, and fear of missing out (FOMO) predict higher LB spending. On the response level, LBE is associated with financial harm, problematic gaming, and elevated problem gambling severity. Our review consolidates evidence, highlights blind spots, especially the lack of longitudinal and experimental work, and outlines implications for responsible monetization and consumer protection.
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